第86章（2 / 2）
[55]Cf.especially the important contribution by E.Kitzinger，‘The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm’，DOP 8（1954），83-150.
[56]Cf.the interesting comments on the whole problem by H.v.Campenhausen，‘Die Bilderfrage als theologisches Problem der alten Kirche’，Zeitschr.f.Theol.u.Kirche 49（1952），33 ff.，with full bibliography，and G.Ladner，‘The Concept of the Image in the Greek Fathers and the Byzantian Iconoclastic Controversy’，DOP 7（1953），1 ff.，and also S.Der Nersessian，‘Une apologie des images du septième siècle’，B 17（1944/5），58 ff.；G.Florovsky，‘Origen，Eusebius and the Iconoclastic Controversy’，Church History 19（1950），77 ff..Cf.also N.H.Baynes，‘The Icons before Iconoclasm’，Harv.Theol.Rev.44（1951），93 ff.（reprinted in Baynes，Byzantine Studies）。
[57]Theophanes 401.Details on this in J.Starr，The Jews in the Byzantine Empire 641-1204，Athens 1939.
[58]Byzantine sources record that the Caliph Jezid Ⅱ ordered the destruction of Christian icons of the saints in his kingdom in the year 723-4.In fact he ordered the destruction not only of Christian icons，but of all representations of living beings intended for religious purposes，and similar measures had already been taken by Jezid’s predecessor，the Caliph Omar Ⅱ（717-20）.On all these problems see Grabar，Iconoclasme，103 ff.
[59]Theophanes 404，3..
[60]On this and the following passage cf.Ostrogorsky，‘Querelle des Images’，235 ff.
[61]Vita Stephani，Migne PG 100，1084 B;Nicephorus 57.
[62]Mansi 12，975（=Caspar，Zeitschr.f.Kirchengesch.52，85，1.382），。
[63]Leo Ⅲ did not promulgate a‘first’edict against veneration of icons in 726，as has been argued from a misinterpretation of the passage from Theophanes 404 cited above（p.162，note 2），but in this year he began to speak openly against icons（），and his only（not his‘second’）decree against them was first promulgated in 730.This view is based on the irrefutable evidence of the sources as I have shown，Ostrogorsky，‘Querelle des Images’，238 ff.E.Caspar’s objection（Zeitschr.f.Kirchengesch.52（1933），54 f.）is based on the erroneous assumption that the Vita Gregori Ⅱ recognizes two edicts（Liber Pontif.pp.404 and 409）.In actual fact the passage which speaks of the‘iussiones’of the Emperor is not referring to an edict，but to the famous（first）letter of Leo Ⅲ to the Pope.It is known that in Rome this expression was often used when referring to imperial letters.Most scholars have accepted my interpretation：cf.F.Dolger，BZ 31（1931），458 ff.；H.Menges，Die Bilderlehre des hl.Johannes von Damaskus（1938），33;L.Bréhier，EO 37（1938），21 f.，and Vie et mort 79;Bréhier-Aigrain 448 ff.；J.Haller，Das Papsttum Ⅰ（1936），328 and 520;Alexander，Patr.Nicephorus 9;Beck，Kirche 299. ↑返回顶部↑
[56]Cf.the interesting comments on the whole problem by H.v.Campenhausen，‘Die Bilderfrage als theologisches Problem der alten Kirche’，Zeitschr.f.Theol.u.Kirche 49（1952），33 ff.，with full bibliography，and G.Ladner，‘The Concept of the Image in the Greek Fathers and the Byzantian Iconoclastic Controversy’，DOP 7（1953），1 ff.，and also S.Der Nersessian，‘Une apologie des images du septième siècle’，B 17（1944/5），58 ff.；G.Florovsky，‘Origen，Eusebius and the Iconoclastic Controversy’，Church History 19（1950），77 ff..Cf.also N.H.Baynes，‘The Icons before Iconoclasm’，Harv.Theol.Rev.44（1951），93 ff.（reprinted in Baynes，Byzantine Studies）。
[57]Theophanes 401.Details on this in J.Starr，The Jews in the Byzantine Empire 641-1204，Athens 1939.
[58]Byzantine sources record that the Caliph Jezid Ⅱ ordered the destruction of Christian icons of the saints in his kingdom in the year 723-4.In fact he ordered the destruction not only of Christian icons，but of all representations of living beings intended for religious purposes，and similar measures had already been taken by Jezid’s predecessor，the Caliph Omar Ⅱ（717-20）.On all these problems see Grabar，Iconoclasme，103 ff.
[59]Theophanes 404，3..
[60]On this and the following passage cf.Ostrogorsky，‘Querelle des Images’，235 ff.
[61]Vita Stephani，Migne PG 100，1084 B;Nicephorus 57.
[62]Mansi 12，975（=Caspar，Zeitschr.f.Kirchengesch.52，85，1.382），。
[63]Leo Ⅲ did not promulgate a‘first’edict against veneration of icons in 726，as has been argued from a misinterpretation of the passage from Theophanes 404 cited above（p.162，note 2），but in this year he began to speak openly against icons（），and his only（not his‘second’）decree against them was first promulgated in 730.This view is based on the irrefutable evidence of the sources as I have shown，Ostrogorsky，‘Querelle des Images’，238 ff.E.Caspar’s objection（Zeitschr.f.Kirchengesch.52（1933），54 f.）is based on the erroneous assumption that the Vita Gregori Ⅱ recognizes two edicts（Liber Pontif.pp.404 and 409）.In actual fact the passage which speaks of the‘iussiones’of the Emperor is not referring to an edict，but to the famous（first）letter of Leo Ⅲ to the Pope.It is known that in Rome this expression was often used when referring to imperial letters.Most scholars have accepted my interpretation：cf.F.Dolger，BZ 31（1931），458 ff.；H.Menges，Die Bilderlehre des hl.Johannes von Damaskus（1938），33;L.Bréhier，EO 37（1938），21 f.，and Vie et mort 79;Bréhier-Aigrain 448 ff.；J.Haller，Das Papsttum Ⅰ（1936），328 and 520;Alexander，Patr.Nicephorus 9;Beck，Kirche 299. ↑返回顶部↑